FluTracking Research (Australia)
Publications
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The FluTracking team publishes annual reports and occasional research reports in peer-reviewed journals. The latest list of articles can be accessed at PubMed. The list of annual reports is also available from the Department of Health. Find below our publications, arranged by publication date.
2026
FluTracking during the COVID-19 pandemic: lessons learnt for future participatory surveillance. Boettiger DC, Baldwin Z, Carlson, SJ, Kerr, AG, Adams, SR, Sheel M, & Dalton, CB. Critical Public Health, 2026:36:1. https://doi.org/10.1080/09581596.2026.2651004
Unequal access: Respiratory syncytial virus vaccine uptake by socioeconomic status among older adults in Australia. Boettiger DC, Carlson SJ, Adams SR, Tse V, Krause A, Williamson KM, Newall AT, Murray P, Dalton CB. Vaccine, 2026: 77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128395.
HeatTracking: monitoring heat-related symptoms in the community through participatory self-reporting. Boettiger DC, Carlson SJ, Adams SR, Jay O, Tartarini F, Csutoros D, Lachireddy K, Conaty S, Dalton CB. International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2026. https://doi.org/10.1080/09603123.2026.2684726.
2025
The Pandemic Respiratory Virus Epidemiological Surveillance Trial – A Self-swab Surveillance System for Respiratory Viruses Nested Within FluTracking. Esneau C, Boettiger D, Leask S, Bryant NE, Niessen N, McVernon J, Marcato A, Carlson S, Browne S, Thomas R, Holmes EC, Hajkowicz K, Tilbrook L, Moon N, Dalton C, Bartlett NW, Davis JS. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2025;, jiaf632, https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiaf632
COVID-19 symptomatic community illness, hospitalization, and death burden across all ages—New South Wales, Australia, May 2021–July 2022. Sumner KM, Carlson S, Elton B, et al. BMC Public Health. 2025;25:1177. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-22021-x
FluTracking: Weekly online community-based surveillance of respiratory illness in Australia, 2020–2022 report. Kerr A, Carlson S, Baldwin Z, Innes R, Howard Z, Bennett M, Evans T, McKenzie T, Dalton C. Commun Dis Intell. 2025 Oct;49. https://doi.org/10.33321/cdi.2025.49.024
FluTracking: Weekly online community-based surveillance of respiratory illness in Australia, 2023 report. Kerr A, Carlson S, Adams S, McKenzie T, Boettiger D, Dalton C. Commun Dis Intell. 2025 Oct;49. https://doi.org/10.33321/cdi.2025.49.037
2024
Temporal trends in test-seeking behaviour during the COVID-19 pandemic. Eales O, Teo M, Price DJ, Hao T, Ryan GE, Senior KL, Carlson S, Dalton C, et al. medRxiv. 2024 Jun 6. https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.06.06.24308566
2023
FluTracking: Weekly online community based surveillance of influenza-like illness in Australia, 2019 Annual Report. Carlson SJ, Innes RJ, Howard ZL, Baldwin Z, Butler M, Dalton CB. Commun Dis Intell (2018). 2023 Mar 23;47. https://doi.org/10.33321/cdi.2023.47.14
Enabling multicentric participatory disease surveillance for global health enhancement: Viewpoint on Global Flu View. Leal Neto O, Paolotti D, Dalton C, Carlson S, Susumpow P, Parker M, Phetra P, Lau E, Colizza V, van Hoek A, Kjelsø C, Brownstein J, Smolinski M. JMIR Public Health Surveill. 2023;9:e46644. https://doi.org/10.2196/46644
2022
FluTracking: Weekly online community based surveillance of influenza-like illness in Australia, 2018 Annual Report. Howard ZL, Carlson SJ, Moberley S, Butler M, Dalton CB. Commun Dis Intell. 2022 Jul;46(3):316–22. https://doi.org/10.33321/cdi.2022.46.41
2021
Impact of funding on influenza vaccine uptake in Australian children. Howard ZL, Dalton CB, Carlson SJ, Baldwin Z, Durrheim DN. Public Health Res Pract. 2021 Mar 10;31(1):3112104. https://doi.org/10.17061/phrp3112104
2020
Elucidating user behaviours in a digital health surveillance system to correct prevalence estimates. Liu D, Mitchell L, Cope RC, Carlson SJ, Ross JV. Epidemics. 2020;32:100404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epidem.2020.100404
High community burden of smoke-related symptoms in the Hunter and New England regions during the 2019–2020 Australian bushfires. Howard ZL, Carlson SJ, Baldwin Z, Johnston F, Durrheim DN, Dalton CB. Public Health Res Pract. 2020 Jun 11. https://doi.org/10.17061/phrp30122007
Identifying early changes in influenza vaccination uptake following a government funded immunisation program using a participatory community surveillance program. Moberly SA, Carlson SJ, Durrheim DN, Dalton CB. Commun Dis Intell (2018). 2020 Jul 15;44. https://doi.org/10.33321/cdi.2020.44.57
2019
FluTracking: Weekly online community-based surveillance of influenza-like illness in Australia, 2017 Annual Report. Moberly S, Carlson S, Durrheim D, Dalton C. Commun Dis Intell (2018). 2019 Jul 16;43. https://doi.org/10.33321/cdi.2019.43.31
FluTracking weekly online community survey of influenza-like illness annual report, 2016. Carlson SJ, Cassano D, Butler MT, Durrheim DN, Dalton CB. Commun Dis Intell (2018). 2019 Apr 15;43. https://doi.org/10.33321/cdi.2019.43.15
Defining, controlling and analysing Indigenous data: commitment to historical consistency or commitment to Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples? Crooks K, Carlson S, Dalton C. Public Health Res Pract. 2019 Dec;29(4):e2941926. https://doi.org/10.17061/phrp2941926
Accounting for healthcare-seeking behaviours and testing practices in real-time influenza forecasts.
Moss R, Zarebski AE, Carlson SJ, McCaw JM. Trop Med Infect Dis. 2019 Jan 11;4(1):E12. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed4010012
2017
Insights from FluTracking: Thirteen tips to growing a web-based participatory surveillance system. Dalton C, Carlson S, Butler M, Cassano D, Clarke S, Fejsa J, Durrheim D. JMIR Public Health Surveill. 2017 Aug 17;3(3):e48. https://doi.org/10.2196/publichealth.7333
Enablers of innovation in digital public health surveillance: Lessons from FluTracking. Dalton C. Int Health. 2017 May;9(3):145–7. https://doi.org/10.1093/inthealth/ihx009
2016
FluTracking weekly online community survey of influenza-like illness annual report, 2015. Dalton CB, Carlson SJ, Durrheim DN, Butler MT, Cheng AC, Kelly HA. Commun Dis Intell Q Rep. 2016 Dec 24;40(4):E512–20. https://doi.org/10.33321/cdi.2019.43.15
2015
FluTracking weekly online community survey of influenza-like illness: 2013 and 2014. Carlson SJ, Dalton CB, McCallum L, Butler MT, Fejsa J, Elvidge E, Durrheim DN. Commun Dis Intell Q Rep. 2015 Sep 30;39(3):E361–8. https://doi.org/10.33321/cdi.2015.39.41
2013
Building influenza surveillance pyramids in near real time, Australia. Dalton CB, Carlson SJ, Butler MT, Elvidge E, Durrheim DN. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013 Nov;19(11):1863–5. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1911.121878
FluTracking weekly online community survey of influenza-like illness annual report 2011 and 2012. Carlson SJ, Dalton CB, Butler MT, Fejsa J, Elvidge E, Durrheim DN. Commun Dis Intell Q Rep. 2013 Dec 31;37(4):E398–406. https://doi.org/10.33321/cdi.2013.37.51
2011
FluTracking weekly online community survey of influenza-like illness annual report, 2010. Dalton CB, Carlson SJ, Butler MT, Fejsa J, Elvidge E, Durrheim DN. Commun Dis Intell Q Rep. 2011 Dec;35(4):288–93. https://doi.org/10.33321/cdi.2011.35.27
2010
FluTracking provides a measure of field influenza vaccine effectiveness, Australia, 2007–2009. Carlson SJ, Durrheim DN, Dalton CB. Vaccine. 2010 Oct 4;28(42):6809–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.08.051
Online FluTracking survey of influenza-like illness during pandemic (H1N1) 2009, Australia. Carlson SJ, Dalton CB, Durrheim DN, Fejsa J. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010 Dec;16(12):1960–2. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.100935
Estimating the disease burden of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus infection in Hunter New England, Northern New South Wales, Australia 2009. Dawood FS, Hope KG, Durrheim DN, Givney R, Fry AM, Dalton CB. PLoS One. 2010 Mar;5(3):e9880. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0009880
2009
ASPREN surveillance system for influenza-like illness – A comparison with FluTracking and the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System. Parrella A, Dalton CB, Pearce R, Litt JC, Stocks N. Aust Fam Physician. 2009 Nov;38(11):932–6. PMID: 19893847
FluTracking surveillance: Comparing 2007 New South Wales results with laboratory confirmed influenza notifications. Carlson SJ, Dalton CB, Tuyl FA, Durrheim DN, Fejsa J, Muscatello DJ, Francis JL, d’Espaignet ET. Commun Dis Intell. 2009 Sep;33(3):323–7.
FluTracking: A weekly Australian community online survey of influenza-like illness in 2006, 2007 and 2008.
Dalton C, Durrheim D, Fejsa J, Francis L, Carlson S, d’Espaignet ET, Tuyl F. Commun Dis Intell. 2009 Sep;33(3):316–22.
Research Collaborations
University of Melbourne: Spatio-temporal analysis of influenza transmission in the community: modelling and forecasting
Research proposal and aims
The goal of this research is to enhance the utilisation of existing routine influenza surveillance data, including FluTracking data, by using this data to develop estimation and prediction methods for the early detection and subsequent forecasting of influenza epidemics.
The application of Bayesian estimation for the purposes of forecasting, while standard in the meteorological sciences, is a recent innovation for infectious disease modelling. Few studies have combined mechanistic infection models (e.g., the classic SIR compartment model) with filtering methods in order to produce probabilistic forecasts [1-5]. However, these studies have only been applied to overseas data (predominantly from the USA) and no forecasts are available for any region of Australia.
We aim to establish methods for combining observations from multiple surveillance systems, [6-7] including the FluTracking influenza-like illness surveillance system, with mechanistic models of infection that will allow for systematic early detection of disease outbreaks and probabilistic forecasting of the subsequent outbreak dynamics. We will use local surveillance data from previous influenza seasons to evaluate a range of algorithms and evaluation metrics, in preparation for testing these methods in near-real-time during the 2015 and subsequent influenza seasons in metropolitan Melbourne.
References
- Ong et al., Real-time epidemic monitoring and forecasting of H1N1-2009 using influenza-like illness from general practice and family doctor clinics in Singapore, PLoS ONE 5(4): e10036,2010.
- Shaman and Karspeck, Forecasting seasonal outbreaks of influenza, PNAS 109(50): 20425-20430, 2012.
- Shaman et al., Real-time influenza forecasts during the 2012-2013 season, Nat Commun 4: 2837,2013.
- Skvortsov and Ristic, Monitoring and prediction of an epidemic outbreak using syndromic observations, Math Biosci 240(1): 12-19, 2012.
- Yang et al., Comparison of filtering methods for the modeling and retrospective forecasting of influenza epidemics, PLoS Comp Biol 10(4): e1003583, 2014.
- Carlson et al., FluTracking surveillance: comparing 2007 New South Wales results with laboratory confirmed influenza notifications, Commun Dis Intell 33(3): 323-327, 2009.
- Thomas et al., Quantifying differences in the epidemic curves from three influenza surveillance systems: a nonlinear regression analysis, Epidemiol Infect 143(2): 1-13, 2014.
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Conference Posters
